Di Lei Lian Pao (地雷連砲) and Xun Lei Pao (迅雷砲)

Di Lei Lian Pao (地雷連砲, lit. 'Ground thunder rapid cannon')

Drawing of three soldiers firing three Di Lei Lian Pao, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Di Lei Lian Pao was a small volley gun that consisted of 10 small cannons brazed to a solid iron stock in a fan shape. Originated from Shaanxi (陝西) region of Northwest China, Di Lei Lian Pao was a very lightweight weapon weighing only twenty jin (11.8 kg or 26 lbs) which allowed the weapon to be easily deployed and transported without a wheeled gun carriage—an important feature allowing the weapon to be used more effectively against fast-paced Mongol horsemen. Despite being a volley gun that fired its shots in a spread, Di Lei Lian Pao was still fitted with an iron sight.

To prevent the huge recoil generated by all ten barrels firing simultaneously from throwing off such a light weapon, potentially even hurting its user, the iron stock of Di Lei Lian Pao had an integrated ring that allowed the weapon to be staked to the ground during use.

Drawing of one soldier firing multiple Di Lei Lian Pao, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Di Lei Lian Pao was originally a tripwire gun that uses Gang Lun Fa Huo (鋼輪發火) as its triggering mechanism (hence 'Di Lei [地雷]' in its name), although this was later changed to having a gunner to manually fire the volley gun, as this was found to be much more convenient and responsive.

Di Lei Lian Pao utilised a two-stage fuse, which consisted of a very short section of normal fuse (i.e. Chinese paper fuse), known as Zou Xian (走線, lit. 'Walking thread'), connecting to a much longer section of flat quickmatch fuse, known as Bian Xian (扁線, lit. 'Flat thread') that extended all the way to the touch hole of the volley gun. The use of long fuse to ignite Di Lei Lian Pao allowed the gunner to stand at a safe distance from the weapon, as well as for a single gunner to operate multiple guns by himself.

Xun Lei Pao (迅雷砲, lit. 'Quick thunder cannon')

Drawing of a Xun Lei Pao, from 'Li Qi Jie (《利器解》)'.

Xun Lei Pao was basically a larger, lighter, more powerful, but single shot version of Di Lei Lian Pao. It was a small iron cannon weighing only 10 jin (6 kg or 13 lbs) and came with a slightly flared muzzle, front and back iron sight, as well as an extended solid portion behind the cannon breach with a hole punched through it to allow the cannon to be staked to the ground during use much like its multi-shot counterpart.

Xun Lei Pao should not to be confused with Xun Lei Chong (迅雷銃), a weapon with similar name.

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Zhua Zu Sha Ma Feng Lian (撾足殺馬風鐮)

Drawing of a Zhua Zu Sha Ma Feng Lian, from 'San Cai Tu Hui (《三才圖會》)'.

Zhua Zu Sha Ma Feng Lian (撾足殺馬風鐮, lit. 'Foot-catching, horse-killing wind sickle') was a simple yet vicious trap designed for anti-cavalry warfare. It consisted of a small wooden hexagonal or rounded hoop with twelve inward-pointing nails made of iron or bamboo, tethered to a sharp sickle blade with a rope.

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Huo Qiang (火鎗)

UPDATED NOVEMBER 9, 2023

Drawing of a Huo Qiang, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Huo Qiang (火鎗, lit. 'Fire spear' or 'Fire lance') was an archetypal fire lance with an archetypal name. It had a seven chi long shaft, a one chi long spearhead, two prongs with integrated hooks similar to Mao Lian Tang (茅鐮鎲), a butt spike, as well as two linked Pen Tong (噴筒) that fired in succession.

Contrary to a popular misconception, fire lance was probably not the direct predecessor of true guns but a branched development/specialisation of earlier gunpowder-based flamethrowers and proto-guns, only appearing in recorded history around 1230s. In fact, this particular Huo Qiang was only devised around the turn of the seventeenth century.

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Wu Lei Shen Ji (五雷神機), San Jie Shen Ji (三捷神機) and Wan Sheng Fo Lang Ji (萬勝佛狼機)

UPDATED MAY 9, 2022

Wu Lei Shen Ji (五雷神機, lit. 'Five thunders divine engine')

Drawing of a Wu Lei Shen Ji, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

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Jian Qiang (劍鎗)

UPDATED 10 OCT, 2023

Drawing of a Jian Qiang with its stock, from 'Shi Lv (《師律》)'.

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Wei Yuan Pao (威遠砲)

UPDATED APRIL 17, 2026

Illustration of a large (left) and small (right) Wei Yuan Pao, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'

The Wei Yuan Pao (威遠砲, lit. "Awe-inspiring long range cannon") was essentially a stripped-down version of the wrought-iron Da Jiang Jun Pao (大將軍砲), developed during the late Ming period, probably around 1600. It discarded the cumbersome reinforcing hoops of the Great General Cannon, as it became clear through experience that the latter's advanced wrought-iron construction was already significantly overbuilt for the required size, weight, and firepower, making the reinforcing hoops unnecessary dead weight that only hindered handling and mobility.

The Wei Yuan Pao retained the general profile of the Great General Cannon, including the flared foot for vertical cleaning and reloading and abacus bead-shaped powder chamber. Unlike its predecessor, however, it featured a slightly flared muzzle, an iron sight similar to that of matchlock gun, and a touch hole lid similar to the type commonly found on Shen Qiang (神鎗).

A Wei Yuan Pao in the China Great Wall Museum, Badaling, China. Note the absence of reinforcing hoops. Source: Zhihu.

According to late Ming military treatise Li Qi Jie (《利器解》), the Wei Yuan Pao was produced in two sizes. The lighter version measured approximately 2 chi 8 cun (90 cm) in length and weighed 120 jin (71 kg), with a bore diameter of roughly 2 cun 2 fen (7 cm) at the muzzle and a bore length of 2 chi 3 cun (74 cm), giving a rough calibre (bore length to bore diameter ratio) of about 10.5. It was loaded with 8 liang (296 g) of gunpowder and fired a large iron-cored lead ball weighing 3 jin 6 liang (2 kg or 4.6 lb) along with one hundred 6 qian (22 g) lead bullets. Due to its light weight, it could be easily carried by a horse or mule. 

The heavier variant followed the same general proportions for length, bore length, and calibre, but was scaled up in weight to 200 jin (118 kg), with an estimated bore diameter of approximately 2.6–2.7 cun (8.3–8.6 cm). It was loaded with 1 jin (590 g) of gunpowder and fired a 6 jin (3.5 kg or 7.8 lb) iron-cored lead ball.

While other contemporary Ming military texts record slight variations in these dimensions and specifications, some recommending a powder charge of up to 1 jin 4 liang (740 g) for the lighter version — a remarkably heavy charge for such a light piece, made possible only by its robust wrought-iron construction — the general characteristics of the Wei Yuan Pao remained fairly consistent across sources.

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