Chinese fire gourd

Chong Zhen Huo Hu Lu (衝陣火葫蘆, lit. 'Phalanx-charging fire gourd')

Drawing of a Chong Zhen Huo Hu Lu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Chong Zhen Huo Hu Lu was an unusual weapon which was essentially a gourd-shaped iron "gun barrel" mounted on a six chi long wooden pole. Intended to be paired with a weaponised shield, this handgonne/fire lance hybrid was loaded with both lead pellets as well as incendiary gunpowder that generated poisonous smoke as it burned, and was said to be effective against both infantry and cavalry. 

A pole-less version of this weapon was famously used by several prominent characters and their subordinates in the Chinese classical novel 'Water Margin', pointing to an early Ming origin for the weapon.

Dui Hei Shao Ren Huo Hu Lu (對黑燒人火葫蘆, lit. 'Night-opposing, enemy-burning fire gourd')

Drawing of a Dui Hei Shao Ren Huo Hu Lu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

A one-use, self-defence flamethrower designed for concealable carry, Dui Hei Shao Ren Huo Hu Lu was made out of actual dried calabash shell, heavily padded with a mixture of dirt and salt water wrapped in a layer of cloth (presumably for thermal insulation), then lacquered. The gourd bottle was filled with a mixture of ash, saltpetre, and sulfur, then carefully sealed together with smoldering tinder in a way that was reminiscence of Chinese flame stick. This way, the weapon didn't need a touch hole nor ignited separately before use, as merely unsealing the bottle would cause searing flame to jut out from its opening.

Some Chinese texts, as well as Joseph Needham's 'Science and Civilisation in China', erroneously record the weapon as "Dui Ma Shao Ren Huo Hu Lu (對馬燒人火葫蘆, lit. 'Cavalry-opposing enemy-burning fire gourd')", although it's clear from description that this weapon was not specifically designed for anti-cavalry use.