Huo Qiu (火毬)

Huo Qiu (火毬, lit. 'Fire ball') was a type of primitive incendiary bomb made of paper, bamboo basketry, or even clay. Developed during the eleventh century, Huo Qiu was one of the earliest gunpowder weapons in the world (along with gunpowder-based fire arrow and early rocket), predating even the fire lance.

At the time of its invention, Chinese people had yet to perfect the formula for explosive gunpowder, and fuse would not be invented for another century. As thus, Huo Qiu could only burn but not explode, and did not have a burning fuse. Instead, an iron awl was used to ignite the bomb (by poking a red hot awl into the ball). Huo Qiu was usually flung by a trebuchet, although some versions could be thrown by hand or launched from a sling.

A straight awl (top) and hook awl (bottom) used to ignite Huo Qiu. From 'Wu Jing Zong Yao (《武經總要》)'.

Gun Qiu (滾毬, lit. 'Rolling ball')

Drawing of a Gun Qiu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Also known simply as Huo Qiu, this was the most basic form of the weapon. It was a gunpowder-filled, five layer-thick hollow paper ball wrapped in linen and sealed with rosin.

Yin Huo Qiu (引火毬, lit. 'Fire-guiding ball')

Drawing of a Yin Huo Qiu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Yin Huo Qiu was actually the "dud" version of Huo Qiu as it was filled with pebbles and rocks instead of gunpowder. It was used for range gauging for the trebuchet before actual bombs could be launched.

Ji Li Huo Qiu (蒺藜火毬, lit. 'Puncturevine fireball')

Drawing of a Ji Li Huo Qiu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Ji Li Huo Qiu was a variant of Huo Qiu that came with three six-bladed knives as well as eight barbed caltrops on its surface. Presumably, the bomb would catch onto whatever surface it came into contact with, or spread caltrops everywhere if it broke on impact. It also produced poisonous smoke while burning to deter extraction.

Pi Li Huo Qiu (霹靂火毬, lit. 'Thunderclap fireball')

Drawing of a Pi Li Huo Qiu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Pi Li Huo Qiu was a specialised Huo Qiu designed to smoke out or suffocate enemy tunnelers and sappers. Unlike other Huo Qiu, it was made of solidified mixture of gunpowder and ceramic fragments coated with another layer of gunpowder mixture (i.e. it did not have paper or bamboo casing), with a dried hollow bamboo stem sticking through it. Once ignited, its operator used the crackling sounds produced by the burning bamboo (which is where it got its name from) as a cue to began fanning the smoke into the tunnel. Due to the inherent danger of handling a poison smoke bomb, operators of this weapon were required to hold some Chinese liquorice in their mouths to counteract the poison.

It should not be confused with other weapons with similar names.

Drawing of a Feng Shan Che (風扇車), a hand-cranked fan used to blow the smoke produced by Pi Li Huo Qiu into the tunnel.

Yan Qiu (煙毬, lit. 'Smoke ball')

Drawing of a Yan Qiu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Yan Qiu was simply a normal Huo Qiu wrapped in an extra layer of redstem wormwood so that it could produce more smoke while burning.

Du Yao Yan Qiu (毒藥煙毬, lit. 'Poisonous smoke ball')

Drawing of a Du Yao Yan Qiu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Du Yao Yan Qiu was a more advanced version of Yan Qiu that came with special gunpowder formula that produced poisonous smoke while burning.

Shen Huo Hun Yuan Qiu (神火混元毬, lit. 'Divine fire primordial ball')

Drawing of a Shen Huo Hun Yuan Qiu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Shen Huo Hun Yuan Qiu was essentially the Ming-improved version of Song-era Huo Qiu. It had a more robust paper ball reinforced with bamboo basketry frame, came with a proper fuse, and was filled with updated gunpowder formula that could actually explode and produce poisonous smoke at the same time. Unlike its predecessors, Shen Huo Hun Yuan Qiu was usually thrown by hand rather than being launched from a trebuchet.

Shao Zei Mi Mu Shen Huo Qiu (燒賊迷目神火毬, lit. 'Bandit-burning, eye-irritating divine fire ball')

Drawing of a Shao Zei Mi Mu Shen Huo Qiu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Shao Zei Mi Mu Shen Huo Qiu was another Ming-improved version of Huo Qiu. It was a large yellow clay ball coated in a layer of colloidal fluid made from Japanese Persimmon (for waterproofing), with another thirty layers of paper glued over it. The ball was filled with explosive gunpowder, blinding and poisonous smoke gunpowder, ten paper firecrackers and Di Shu (地鼠), as well as multiple caltrops. It also came with waterproofed fuse as well as an attached rope that allowed it to be flung.

Shao Zei Mi Mu Shen Huo Qiu was very similar to Qun Feng Pao (羣蜂砲).

Tian Huo Qiu (天火毬, lit. 'Heavenly fire ball')

Drawing of a Tian Huo Qiu, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Tian Huo Qiu was yet another Ming-improved version of Huo Qiu. It was essentially a hollowed-out chicken egg filled with small pebbles (to increase its weight) and a special mixture of highly flammable gunpowder. The special mixture was highly unstable and would burst into flames as soon as it came into contact with air, so Tian Huo Qiu did not require a fuse and could be thrown directly.

Tian Huo Qiu was essentially a much deadlier version of Japanese metsubushi (目潰し) blinding egg, although unlike the Japanese version it was launched from a sling rather than being thrown by hand.