Huo Dan (火彈)

Hand Grenade variant

Five huo dan, from 'Wu Bei Zhi (《武備志》)'.

Huo Dan (火彈, fire bullet), also known as Huo Yao (火妖, lit. 'Fire monster') was a simple hand grenade/flare grenade used by Ming army. It was a fist-sized paper ball coated in rosin, Chinese tallowtree wax and beeswax, and filled with rosin, poison smoke-incendiary gunpowder, and poisoned caltrops.

While usually thrown by hand, Huo Dan could also be launched from a hand mortar known as Huo Dan Tong (火彈筒).

Late Ming "Roman candle" variant from Bing Lu (《兵錄》)

Huo Dan in Roman candle form, from 'Bing Lu (《兵錄》)'.

An improved delivery method for Huo Dan developed during late Ming period, which consisted of multiple Huo Dan pre-packed into a weaponised Roman candle made of cotton paper, which was then inserted into a handheld bamboo tube for firing. This allowed for drastically increased rate of fire and reload time, as well as easier storage.